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In this updated and expanded edition of his classic text, Arend Lijphart offers a broader and deeper analysis of worldwide democratic institutions than ever before. Examining thirty-six democracies during the period from 1945 to 2010, Lijphart arrives at important-and unexpected-conclusions about what type of democracy works best. Praise for the previous edition:";Magnificent. . . . The best-researched book on democracy in the world today.";-Malcolm Mackerras, American Review of Politics"; I can't think of another scholar as well qualified as Lijphart to write a book of this kind. He has an amazing grasp of the relevant literature, and he's compiled an unmatched collection of data.";-Robert A. Dahl, Yale University"; This sound comparative research . . . will continue to be a standard in graduate and undergraduate courses in comparative politics.";-Choice

Government --- Political systems --- Democracy --- Comparative government --- Démocratie représentative --- #SBIB:324H20 --- #SBIB:324H40 --- Étude comparative --- Gouvernement --- BPB1501 --- Representatieve democratie --- Politologie: theorieën (democratie, comparatieve studieën….) --- Politieke structuren: algemeen --- Vergelijkende studie --- Regering --- Comparative government. --- Democracy. --- Démocratie --- Institutions politiques comparées --- Science politique --- Démocratie --- Institutions politiques comparées --- Self-government --- Political science --- Equality --- Representative government and representation --- Republics --- Comparative political systems --- Comparative politics --- Government, Comparative --- Political systems, Comparative --- Études comparatives. --- government --- rząd --- valtioneuvosto --- kormány --- guvern --- valitsus --- governo --- vyriausybė --- gvern --- Regierung --- vlada --- qeveri --- правителство --- κυβέρνηση --- влада --- regering --- valdība --- vláda --- Gobierno --- gouvernement national --- hallitusrakenne --- órgano de gobierno de ente preautonómico --- statsstyrelse --- valtion hallitus --- gabinete --- national government --- vládní kabinet --- Kabinett --- végrehajtó hatalmi ág --- nemzeti kormány --- nationell regering --- riigi valitsus --- gobierno nacional --- nacionalna vlada --- structură guvernamentală --- složení vlády --- Gobierno autonómico --- valsts valdība --- qeveri kombëtare --- estrutura governamental --- vyriausybės struktūra --- governo regionale --- zloženie vlády --- Bundesregierung --- struktura e qeverisë --- valitsusstruktuur --- šalies vyriausybė --- government structure --- kabinet --- kormányzati szerkezet --- vláda složeného státu --- nationale Regierung --- kormányzat --- governo nazionale --- celostátní (federální) vláda --- Κυβέρνηση της χώρας --- national regering --- Landesregierung --- valdības struktūra --- governo nacional --- vládny kabinet --- gobierno regional --- nationale regering --- lyginamoji studija --- vergelijkende studie --- упоредна студија --- estudio comparativo --- jämförande studie --- studju komparattiv --- vergleichende Studie --- poredbena studija --- studia porównawcze --- võrdlev uurimus --- συγκριτική μελέτη --- összehasonlító tanulmány --- sammenlignende undersøgelse --- porovnávacia štúdia --- salīdzināmā pētniecība --- primerjalna študija --- vertaileva tutkimus --- studim krahasues --- studiu comparativ --- studio comparativo --- estudo comparativo --- srovnávací studie --- comparative study --- споредбена студија --- сравнително изследване --- komparativna studija --- компаративна студија --- komparativní studie --- repræsentativt demokrati --- predstavnička demokracija --- netiešā demokrātija --- zastupitelská demokracie --- esindusdemokraatia --- претставничка демократија --- democracia representativa --- democrazia rappresentativa --- zastupiteľská demokracia --- predstavniška demokracija --- repräsentative Demokratie --- αντιπροσωπευτική δημοκρατία --- democrație reprezentativă --- representatieve democratie --- demokracja przedstawicielska --- representative democracy --- representativ demokrati --- edustuksellinen demokratia --- demokraci përfaqësuese --- képviseleti demokrácia --- daonlathas ionadaíoch --- представителна демокрация --- atstovaujamoji demokratija --- представничка демократија --- demokrazija rappreżentattiva --- reprezentativna demokracija --- parlamentaarne demokraatia --- demokracja pośrednia --- démocratie indirecte --- democrazia indiretta --- parlamentaarinen demokratia --- parlamentinė demokratija --- démocratie parlementaire --- индиректна демократија --- parlamentáris demokrácia --- posredna demokracija --- έμμεση δημοκρατία --- democracia parlamentar --- demokracja parlamentarna --- democracia parlamentaria --- democrazia parlamentare --- parlamentarna demokracija --- parlementarisk demokrati --- democracia indireta --- indirekt demokrati --- parlementaire democratie --- indirekte Demokratie --- parlamentāra demokrātija --- parlamentarische Demokratie --- репрезентативна демократија --- democrație indirectă --- посредна демократија --- парламентарна демокрация --- indirect democracy --- közvetett demokrácia --- democrație parlamentară --- demokrazija parlamentari --- mittelbare Demokratie --- democracia indirecta --- parlamentarisk demokrati --- indirecte democratie --- demokraci parlamentare --- κοινοβουλευτική δημοκρατία --- netiesioginė demokratija --- parlamentná demokracia --- välillinen demokratia --- indirekte demokrati --- parlamentní demokracie --- demokrazija indiretta --- парламентарна демократија --- nepriama demokracia --- demokraci e tërthortë --- nepřímá demokracie --- parliamentary democracy --- непряка демокрация --- rialtas --- staidéar comparáideach --- Democracy.. --- Démocratie représentative --- Étude comparative --- Études comparatives.

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Als je het nieuws en de sociale media van de laatste jaren mag geloven, staan democratieën wereldwijd onder druk door stromen van nepnieuws, alternatieve feiten en andere post truth-perikelen. Waar iedereen in de beginjaren vol hoop was over het vrije woord en open gesprek op internet, is het enthousiasme inmiddels bekoeld.In Doen, durven of de waarheid? Democratie in digitale tijden leggen jonge wetenschappers uit wat we écht weten over politieke misinformatie op internet en sociale media. De Raad voor het Openbaar Bestuur en De Jonge Akademie van de KNAW hebben de handen ineengeslagen en jonge talenten uit verschillende disciplines uitgenodigd om verslag te doen van hoe het ervoor staat met waarheidsvinding in onze democratie.Met een voorwoord van Robbert Dijkgraaf.

Political systems --- Telecommunication technology --- Sociolinguistics --- Communicatiemedia --- Democratie --- Sociale media --- democratie --- médias sociaux --- numérisation --- sociale media --- δημοκρατία --- demokrácia --- demokrātija --- democracia --- demokraatia --- democrazia --- demokracija --- démocratie --- demokratija --- democrație --- democracy --- demokratia --- demokracie --- demokracja --- demokrati --- demokraci --- demokracia --- Demokratie --- demokrazija --- демокрация --- демократија --- politický pluralizmus --- pluralizm polityczny --- πολιτικός πλουραλισμός --- folkstyre --- folkestyre --- politiek pluralisme --- politischer Pluralismus --- politiskais plurālisms --- demokrātiska vienlīdzība --- politikai pluralizmus --- égalité démocratique --- politický pluralismus --- ugwaljanza demokratika --- pluraliżmu politiku --- barazi demokratike --- pluralismo político --- politinis pliuralizmas --- politisk jämlikhet --- демократична равнопоставеност --- igualdad democrática --- democratische gelijkheid --- demokratische Gleichheit --- δημοκρατικό πολίτευμα --- demokraattinen yhdenvertaisuus --- poliittinen pluralismi --- demokratična enakost --- democratic equality --- demokratikus egyenlőség --- pluralisme politique --- politisk mångfald --- demokraatlik võrdsus --- igualdade democrática --- politisk pluralism --- ludowładztwo --- политически плурализъм --- politisk pluralisme --- pluralism politic --- pluralismo politico --- pluralizëm politik --- demokratická rovnost --- politički pluralizam --- uguaglianza democratica --- politični pluralizem --- egalitate democratică --- demokratická rovnosť --- political pluralism --- poliitiline pluralism --- demokratinė lygybė --- политички плурализам --- 32 --- daonlathas --- Political sociology --- Mass communications --- numérisation --- médias sociaux

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This book tackles questions related to democracy, populism and truth, with results that are sure to inform pressing academic and popular debates. It is common to describe many of today’s most energizing politicians and political movements as populist. Some are progressive advocates of greater economic democracy or individual rights, while others are recognizably authoritarian and anti-democratic, even while claiming to defend democracy. What all populist leaders share in common is a rhetorical approach: their ability to articulate, or at least profess to channel, the wishes of ‘the people’, a group that populist leaders claim a unique ability to understand and govern, especially with regard to their dissatisfaction with ruling elites. They decry corruption (although not necessarily with any sincerity), and they sometimes identify more mainstream politicians and bureaucrats as ‘enemies of the people.’ The rise of populist politics raises pressing questions about the nature of populism, but also about relationships between populism and democratic institutions. For example, is populism ever a democratic tendency, or does its invocation of a monolithic demos (‘the people’) signify a fundamentally anti-democratic worldview? Populist political rhetoric also raises concerns about the relationship between truth, democracy, and journalistic integrity. While the history of anti-democratic advocacy (famously illustrated by Plato) has often highlighted the tendency of a democratic style of politics to prioritize popularity over truth, the development of social media—and evolving norms of journalistic communication and public political discourse—raise these misgivings in new forms.

Democratie --- Populisme --- Opinion publique --- democracy --- populism --- public opinion --- δημοκρατία --- demokrácia --- demokrātija --- democracia --- demokraatia --- democrazia --- demokracija --- démocratie --- demokratija --- democrație --- demokratia --- demokracie --- demokracja --- demokrati --- demokraci --- demokracia --- democratie --- Demokratie --- demokrazija --- демокрация --- демократија --- politický pluralizmus --- pluralizm polityczny --- πολιτικός πλουραλισμός --- folkstyre --- folkestyre --- politiek pluralisme --- politischer Pluralismus --- politiskais plurālisms --- demokrātiska vienlīdzība --- politikai pluralizmus --- égalité démocratique --- politický pluralismus --- ugwaljanza demokratika --- pluraliżmu politiku --- barazi demokratike --- pluralismo político --- politinis pliuralizmas --- politisk jämlikhet --- демократична равнопоставеност --- igualdad democrática --- democratische gelijkheid --- demokratische Gleichheit --- δημοκρατικό πολίτευμα --- demokraattinen yhdenvertaisuus --- poliittinen pluralismi --- demokratična enakost --- democratic equality --- demokratikus egyenlőség --- pluralisme politique --- politisk mångfald --- demokraatlik võrdsus --- igualdade democrática --- politisk pluralism --- ludowładztwo --- политически плурализъм --- politisk pluralisme --- pluralism politic --- pluralismo politico --- pluralizëm politik --- demokratická rovnost --- politički pluralizam --- uguaglianza democratica --- politični pluralizem --- egalitate democratică --- demokratická rovnosť --- political pluralism --- poliitiline pluralism --- demokratinė lygybė --- политички плурализам --- opinjoni pubblika --- κοινή γνώμη --- avalik arvamus --- allmän opinion --- közvélemény --- јавно мњење --- sabiedriskā doma --- öffentliche Meinung --- yleinen mielipide --- јавно мислење --- offentlig mening --- opinione pubblica --- veřejné mínění --- opinion publique --- javno mnenje --- verejná mienka --- opinión pública --- opinie publică --- opinia publiczna --- opinion publik --- viešoji nuomonė --- opinião pública --- обществено мнение --- publieke opinie --- javno mnijenje --- pubblico --- offentligheden --- populisms --- populizëm --- populizm --- популизам --- λαϊκισμός --- populizam --- Populismus --- populismo --- populismi --- populiżmu --- populisme --- популизъм --- populizem --- populizmus --- populizmas --- politický populizmus --- politický populismus --- populismus --- Populism. --- Democracy. --- Self-government --- Political science --- Equality --- Representative government and representation --- Republics --- Law—Philosophy. --- Law. --- Political science. --- Theories of Law, Philosophy of Law, Legal History. --- Philosophy of Law. --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- Acts, Legislative --- Enactments, Legislative --- Laws (Statutes) --- Legislative acts --- Legislative enactments --- Jurisprudence --- Legislation

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This collaborative volume offers the first historical reconstruction of the concept of popular sovereignty from antiquity to the twentieth century. First formulated between the late sixteenth and mid-seventeenth centuries, the various early modern conceptions of the doctrine were heavily indebted to Roman reflection on forms of government and Athenian ideas of popular power. This study, edited by Richard Bourke and Quentin Skinner, traces successive transformations of the doctrine, rather than narrating a linear development. It examines critical moments in the career of popular sovereignty, spanning antiquity, medieval Europe, the early modern wars of religion, the revolutions of the eighteenth century and their aftermath, decolonisation and mass democracy. Featuring original work by an international team of scholars, the book offers a reconsideration of one of the formative principles of contemporary politics by exploring its descent from classical city-states to the advent of the modern state.

historical account --- political system --- political philosophy --- democracy --- direct democracy --- national sovereignty --- Sovereignty. --- Sovereignty --- politikai filozófia --- poliittinen filosofia --- politische Philosophie --- политическа философия --- politisk filosofi --- filosofia política --- politická filozofie --- politična filozofija --- politinė filosofija --- filosofía política --- politická filozofia --- poliitiline filosoofia --- politieke filosofie --- philosophie politique --- politička filozofija --- filosofia politica --- filozofia polityczna --- политичка филозофија --- πολιτική φιλοσοφία --- politikas filozofija --- filosofija politika --- filozofi politike --- filozofie politică --- poliitiline teooria --- политичко начело --- teoría política --- parim politik --- politisk princip --- politischer Grundsatz --- political principle --- politický princíp --- politikai elmélet --- théorie politique --- politiskā teorija --- politička teorija --- politische Theorie --- politický princip --- teori politike --- principio político --- politisk teori --- politikos teorija --- politinis principas --- politieke theorie --- politiska principer --- Staatsphilosophie --- politiskais princips --- teorie politică --- политички принцип --- principiu politic --- political theory --- politická teória --- politikai elv --- politická teorie --- principio politico --- teoria política --- principe politique --- πολιτική αρχή --- poliittinen periaate --- poliittinen teoria --- teoria politica --- poliitiline põhimõte --- politikai alapelv --- politiek principe --- princípio político --- političko načelo --- politologie --- πολιτική πρακτική --- system polityczny --- politiskt system --- politiskā sistēma --- politinė sistema --- politički sustav --- régime politique --- πολίτευμα --- sistema politika --- politický režim --- politikai rendszer --- politični sistem --- politický systém --- politiek stelsel --- regime político --- régimen político --- sistem politik --- regime politico --- sistem politic --- politisk styreform --- poliitiline süsteem --- политички систем --- poliittinen järjestelmä --- политическа система --- Regierungssystem --- politinė santvarka --- regjim politik --- système politique --- forma státu --- πολιτικό σύστημα --- regim politic --- Staatsform --- forma vlády --- политички режим --- sistem guvernamental --- Regierungsform --- druh státu --- politiek systeem --- valitsusvorm --- államforma --- politisk system --- political regime --- sistema politico --- sistema político --- poliitiline režiim --- kormányforma --- vládní systém --- politisches System --- státní řízení --- ordinamento politico --- političko uređenje --- sistem de guvernare --- druh vlády --- politiskais režīms --- chronologinis faktų išdėstymas --- hronoloģisks pārskats --- ajalooline ülevaade --- historisk fremstilling --- rrëfim historik --- историјски приказ --- историски преглед --- voorgeschiedenis --- rendikont storiku --- cronologie --- kronološko poročilo --- historik --- ιστορικό --- chronologische Entwicklung --- historický prehľad --- хронологично развитие --- történeti áttekintés --- cronistoria --- historique --- cronologia --- historický přehled --- historiikki --- reseña histórica --- povijesni pregled --- historyczny aspekt --- spomenica --- historial --- хронологија --- historisk översikt --- resumen histórico --- chronologická tabulka --- kronológia --- историска генеза --- историски приказ --- cenno storico --- chronologický přehled --- историјат --- συνοπτική ιστορική περιγραφή --- chronologische Übersicht --- kronološki pregled --- historisch overzicht --- kronologija --- historisk oversigt --- hronoloģija --- aperçu historique --- cronología --- demokraci e drejtpërdrejtë --- democracia directa --- пряка демокрация --- demokrazija diretta --- директна демократија --- démocratie directe --- priama demokracia --- direktdemokrati --- democrazia diretta --- democrație directă --- suora demokratia --- direkte demokrati --- přímá demokracie --- direkte Demokratie --- tiesioginė demokratija --- közvetlen demokrácia --- demokracja bezpośrednia --- άμεση δημοκρατία --- directe democratie --- izravna demokracija --- otsedemokraatia --- tiešā demokrātija --- neposredna demokracija --- democracia direta --- непосредна демократија --- direkt demokrácia --- välitön demokratia --- unmittelbare Demokratie --- direktna demokracija --- plebiszitäre Demokratie --- δημοκρατία --- demokrácia --- demokrātija --- democracia --- demokraatia --- democrazia --- demokracija --- démocratie --- demokratija --- democrație --- demokratia --- demokracie --- demokracja --- demokrati --- demokraci --- demokracia --- democratie --- Demokratie --- demokrazija --- демокрация --- демократија --- politický pluralizmus --- pluralizm polityczny --- πολιτικός πλουραλισμός --- folkstyre --- folkestyre --- politiek pluralisme --- politischer Pluralismus --- politiskais plurālisms --- demokrātiska vienlīdzība --- politikai pluralizmus --- égalité démocratique --- politický pluralismus --- ugwaljanza demokratika --- pluraliżmu politiku --- barazi demokratike --- pluralismo político --- politinis pliuralizmas --- politisk jämlikhet --- демократична равнопоставеност --- igualdad democrática --- democratische gelijkheid --- demokratische Gleichheit --- δημοκρατικό πολίτευμα --- demokraattinen yhdenvertaisuus --- poliittinen pluralismi --- demokratična enakost --- democratic equality --- demokratikus egyenlőség --- pluralisme politique --- politisk mångfald --- demokraatlik võrdsus --- igualdade democrática --- politisk pluralism --- ludowładztwo --- политически плурализъм --- politisk pluralisme --- pluralism politic --- pluralismo politico --- pluralizëm politik --- demokratická rovnost --- politički pluralizam --- uguaglianza democratica --- politični pluralizem --- egalitate democratică --- demokratická rovnosť --- political pluralism --- poliitiline pluralism --- demokratinė lygybė --- политички плурализам --- State sovereignty (International relations) --- International law --- Political science --- Common heritage of mankind (International law) --- International relations --- Self-determination, National --- riiklik suveräänsus --- sovranità nazzjonali --- soberanía nacional --- sovranità nazionale --- државен суверенитет --- národná zvrchovanosť --- εθνική κυριαρχία --- national suverænitet --- valtion täysivaltaisuus --- suverenita státu --- nationell suveränitet --- nemzeti szuverenitás --- suwerenność państw --- soberania nacional --- državna suverenost --- Staatssouveränität --- државни суверенитет --- suveranitate națională --- valsts suverenitāte --- državni suverenitet --- nationale soevereiniteit --- национален суверенитет --- valstybės suverenitetas --- sovranitet kombëtar --- souveraineté nationale --- valsts neatkarība --- суверенитет на држава --- státní svrchovanost --- суверена држава --- nacionalinis suverenitetas --- suverēnā vara --- šalies suverenitetas --- szuverenitás --- nacionalni suverenitet --- Staatshoheit --- државна независност --- Souveränität --- állami főhatalom --- nacionālais patstāvīgums --- Hoheitsgewalt --- svrchovanost --- nacionālā suverenitāte --- History. --- Law and legislation --- Democratization. --- Politics, Practical. --- Electoral politics --- Mass political behavior --- Political behavior --- Politics --- Practical politics --- Political participation --- Democratic consolidation --- Democratic transition --- New democracies

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Lezen is een fundamentele vaardigheid. De mens dankt kennis en kritisch denkvermogen aan het lezen. Maar het ‘diepe’ lezen staat onder druk. Het boek delft het onderspit in het gevecht om de schaarse vrije tijd en de ontlezing neemt toe. We maken ons weliswaar zorgen maar nemen het lezen zelf feitelijk voor lief. De lezende mens is een zoektocht naar de onderliggende betekenis van het lezen voor ons welzijn en onze democratische maatschappij. Het beschrijft de relatief korte geschiedenis van het ontcijferen van kleitablet tot e-book en de ingrijpende veranderingen die het lezen bracht voor individu en samenleving. Zo gingen geletterdheid en de opkomst van de democratie in de negentiende eeuw hand in hand. Maar wat is lezen eigenlijk, en hoe gaat het in zijn werk? En wat betekent de opkomst van het scherm voor onze leesgewoonten? Hisgen en Van der Weel zetten op heldere wijze de laatste inzichten van het leesonderzoek uiteen en houden een krachtig pleidooi voor hernieuwde aandacht voor de toekomst van het lezen. --Uitgeverij Atlas Contact

Lezen --- Geletterdheid --- 028 --- 09 <08> --- 09 <08> Handschriften. Oude en merkwaardige drukken. Curiosa--Verzamelwerken. Reeksen--Boekwetenschap. Sociale aspecten van het boek. Boek en media. Toekomst van het boek --- Handschriften. Oude en merkwaardige drukken. Curiosa--Verzamelwerken. Reeksen--Boekwetenschap. Sociale aspecten van het boek. Boek en media. Toekomst van het boek --- 028 Lezen. Lectuur --- Lezen. Lectuur --- Information user --- Book history --- reading [activity] --- book history --- Rijksuniversiteit Gent --- BPB9999 --- Boek --- Geschiedenis --- BPB2206 --- democrație --- boekensector --- книжарство --- grāmattirdzniecība --- knižný obchod --- knygų leidyba ir prekyba --- gnó na leabhar --- knižní průmysl --- βιομηχανία βιβλίου --- книжна индустрия --- indústria do livro --- Buchindustrie --- book trade --- industria libraria --- bokindustri --- industria e librit --- knjižarstvo --- bogindustri --- könyvkereskedelem --- industria del libro --- kirjateollisuus --- przemysł książkowy --- industria cărții --- raamatutööstus --- industrija tal-kotba --- књижарство --- industrie du livre --- knjigotrštvo --- knjiga --- knygų įrišimas --- bookbinding --- raamatuköitmine --- bogbind --- grāmata --- bok --- kirjansidonta --- raamat --- commercio librario --- kníhviazačstvo --- könyvforgalmazás --- βιβλιοδεσία --- Buch --- livre --- könyvkötészet --- bog --- kirja --- bogbinderiarbejde --- Buchgewerbe --- book --- Buchbinderei --- encuadernación --- grāmatu iesiešana --- raamatukaubandus --- reliure --- knyga --- knihařství --- bogindbinding --- книга --- könyv --- livro --- rilegatura --- encadernação --- libralidhje --- boekbinderij --- βιβλίο --- carte --- boek --- knihvazačství --- knižní produkce --- libro --- legătorie cărți --- bogbinderi --- kniha --- bokbinderi --- libër --- knjigoveštvo --- δημοκρατία --- demokrácia --- demokrātija --- democracia --- demokraatia --- democrazia --- demokracija --- démocratie --- demokratija --- daonlathas --- democracy --- demokratia --- demokracie --- demokracja --- demokrati --- demokraci --- demokracia --- democratie --- Demokratie --- demokrazija --- демокрация --- демократија --- politický pluralizmus --- pluralizm polityczny --- πολιτικός πλουραλισμός --- folkstyre --- folkestyre --- politiek pluralisme --- politischer Pluralismus --- politiskais plurālisms --- demokrātiska vienlīdzība --- politikai pluralizmus --- égalité démocratique --- politický pluralismus --- ugwaljanza demokratika --- pluraliżmu politiku --- barazi demokratike --- pluralismo político --- politinis pliuralizmas --- politisk jämlikhet --- демократична равнопоставеност --- igualdad democrática --- democratische gelijkheid --- demokratische Gleichheit --- δημοκρατικό πολίτευμα --- demokraattinen yhdenvertaisuus --- poliittinen pluralismi --- demokratična enakost --- democratic equality --- demokratikus egyenlőség --- pluralisme politique --- politisk mångfald --- demokraatlik võrdsus --- igualdade democrática --- politisk pluralism --- ludowładztwo --- политически плурализъм --- politisk pluralisme --- pluralism politic --- pluralismo politico --- pluralizëm politik --- demokratická rovnost --- politički pluralizam --- uguaglianza democratica --- politični pluralizem --- egalitate democratică --- demokratická rovnosť --- political pluralism --- poliitiline pluralism --- demokratinė lygybė --- политички плурализам --- lezen --- boeken --- literatuur --- 050 --- bibliotheekwezen --- bibliothéconomie --- democrație